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Solonian Constitution
The Solonian Constitution〔A Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, Mythology, Religion, Literature and Art, from the German of Dr. Oskar Seyffert. Page (595 )〕 was created by Solon in the early 6th century BC. At the time of Solon the Athenian State was almost falling to pieces in consequence of dissensions between the parties into which the population was divided. Solon wanted to revise or abolish the older laws of Draco. Solon promulgated a code of laws embracing the whole of public and private life, the salutary effects〔Effecting or designed to effect an improvement〕 of which lasted long after the end of his constitution.
Under Solon's reforms, all debts were abolished and all debt-slaves were freed. The status of the ''hectemoroi'' (the "one-sixth workers"), who farmed in an early form of serfdom, was also abolished. These reforms were known as the ''Seisachtheia''.〔the "shaking-off of burdens".〕 Solon's constitution reduced the power of the old aristocracy by making wealth rather than birth a criterion for holding political positions, a system called ''timokratia'' or Timocracy. Citizens were also divided based on their land production: Pentacosiomedimnoi, Hippeis, Zeugitae, and ''Thetes''. The lower assembly was given the right to hear appeals, and Solon also created the higher assembly. Both of these were meant to decrease the power of the Areopagus, the aristocratic council. The only parts of Draco's code that Solon kept were the laws regarding homicide. The constitution was written as poetry, and as soon as it was introduced, Solon went into self-imposed exile for 10 years so he would not be tempted to take power as a tyrant.
==Details==
Of the population dissatisfied, the Diacrii,〔the inhabitants of the northern mountainous region of Attica〕 the poorest and most oppressed section of the population, demanded that the privileges of the nobility, which had till then obtained, should be utterly set aside. Another party, prepared to be contented by moderate concessions, was composed of the Parali.〔the inhabitants of the stretch of coast called Paralia〕 The third was formed by the nobles〔called Pedicis or Pediaci〕〔The city of Athens was anciently divided into three districts, one sunny slope of a hill, one other on the beach of the sea, and the third in the middle of the plain between the hill and the sea. The inhabitants of the intermediate district were called Pediani or Pediaci or Pedici (Subscripts); those of the hill with the name of Diacrii, and those of the lido the Paralii. These three classes of inhabitants formed many factions. Pisistratus availed of Pediani against Diacrii. In the time of Solon, when he had choose a form of government, the democratic Diacrii they wanted, the Pediani asked the aristocracy, and the Paralii a mixed government.〕 because their property lay for the most part in the pedion,〔The Greek word, pedion (πεδίον) means "plain", "flat", "field".〕 the level and most fruitful part of the country. Solon, who enjoyed the confidence of all parties on account of his tried insight and sound judgment, was chosen archon by a compromise, with full power to put an end to the difficulties, and to restore peace by means of legislation. One of the primary measures of Solon was the Seisachtheia (''dis-burdening ordinance''). This gave an immediate relief by cancelling all debts, public and private. At the same time he made it illegal for the future to secure debts upon the person of the debtor.〔Aristotle, ''Constitution of Athens'', 6〕〔In ancient Greece, the power of creditors over the persons of their debtors was absolute; and, as in all cases where despotic control is tolerated, their rapacity was boundless. They compelled the insolvent debtors to cultivate their lands like entile, to perform the service of beasts of burthen, and to transfer to them their sons and daughters, whom they exported as slaves to foreign countries. For more, see Reports of Committees of The House Of Representatives at the First Session of the Twenty-Second Congress, Begun and Held at The City of Washington, December 7, 1831. Pg (74 ).〕
Solon also altered the standard of coinage (of weights and measures ), by introducing the Euboic standard〔Used around the Euboea〕 in place of the Pheidonian〔Used by Pheidon, king of Argos〕 or Aeginetan standard,.〔Used around the Aegina〕〔Aristotle, ''Constitution of Athens'', 10〕 100 new drachmae were thus made to contain the same amount of silver as 73 old drachmae.
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